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Template Injection occurs when user input is embedded in a template in an unsafe manner. Web applications frequently use template systems such as Twig and FreeMarker to embed dynamic content in web pages and emails. This research is also available as printable whitepaper, and you can find an overview with interactive labs in our Web Security Academy. Generic exploits are demonstrated for five of the most popular template engines, including escapes from sandboxes whose entire purpose is to handle user-supplied templates in a safe way.įor a slightly less dry account of this research, you may prefer to watch my Black Hat USA presentation on this topic.
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This paper defines a methodology for detecting and exploiting template injection, and shows it being applied to craft RCE zerodays for two widely deployed enterprise web applications. Intentional template injection is such a common use-case that many template engines offer a 'sandboxed' mode for this express purpose. If the view engine property is not set, you must specify the extension of the view file. Template Injection can arise both through developer error, and through the intentional exposure of templates in an attempt to offer rich functionality, as commonly done by wikis, blogs, marketing applications and content management systems. app.set('view engine', 'pug') Create a Pug template file named index.pug in the views directory, with the following content: html head title title body h1 message Then create a route to render the index.pug file.
Pug template injection code#
Unlike XSS, Template Injection can be used to directly attack web servers' internals and often obtain Remote Code Execution (RCE), turning every vulnerable application into a potential pivot point. Unsafely embedding user input in templates enables Server-Side Template Injection, a frequently critical vulnerability that is extremely easy to mistake for Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), or miss entirely. if you compile templates in advance before applying user. This advisory is not exploitable if there is no way for un-trusted input to be passed to pug as the pretty option, e.g. pug-code-gen has a backported fix at version 2.0.3. Template engines are widely used by web applications to present dynamic data via web pages and emails. This advisory applies to multiple pug packages including 'pug', 'pug-code-gen'.